Thursday, 15 December 2016

Directions | Red Riding Script Breakdown + Production Planning (14th December 2016)

Today we started to look at the process directors go through when producing a film, and we began by watching some of 'Jetsam', directed by Simon Welsford, whilst paying attention to what the director would need to consider during the production process.

I was surprised to learn that Simon was able to produce Jetsam for fewer than £3,000, and it still took about a year and a half to make - 4 months of pre-production, two weeks for shooting, and 13 months for post-production.  I knew that producing a feature film takes a vast amount of time, but 13 months for post-production still seems like an awfully long time to me.

We learnt of the two primary concerns of the director:

  1. What is happening in front of the camera?
  2. Where is the camera positioned?
The script is the centre of the whole production, and virtually all decisions must be based on the script - nothing should be arbitrary.  Directors will break down the script and consider:
  • How? Style, mis en scéne, and mood
  • Who? Cast, crew, and collaborators
  • Where? Location and sets
  • What? Production design, costume design, sound design, and editing
This led on to our next task, which was to think as a director, and consider these things for the television series 'Red Riding', based on the script for the opening scene.

  • How? Style, mis en scéne, and mood
    • "[...] red sun sinks. Darkness draws in." - Dark tone; setting sun gives the impression of an ending (death).
    • Opens at night time, it is cold and icy, therefore the tone should be mysterious and unnerving.  The 'fallen angel' connotes to religious undertones as well.
    • It is raining when Eddie is driving to the conference which also adds to the dark and mysterious mood of the scene.
    • We are introduced to the story of the missing girl, which would suit the crime thriller genre, and the mood must reflect the tense and emotional nature of the story.
    • This story is set in 1974, and so it is vital that the mis en scéne fits the 70s aesthetic to give a sense of authenticity.
  • Who? Cast, crew, and collaborators
    • {} as Director of Photography
    • {} as Production Designer
    • Cristobal "Cristo" Tapia de Veer as Composer
      • Having produced soundtracks for Utopia, National Treasure and Humans, Cristo's work often reflects mysterious and controversial tones and themes.  Red Riding is based on the killings of the Yorkshire Ripper, and the world of police corruption and organised crime - Cristo's style would fit into the tone I think would fit into this world and help to create an encapsulating atmosphere that compliments the nature of the story.
    • {} as Editor
    • {} as Clare Kemplay, the 'fallen angel', a 10 year old girl
    • {} as Eddie Dunford, youthful, ambitious and libidinous detective
    • {} as Bill Hadley, newspaper editor(?) with a grey beard and grey eyes
    • {} as Maurice Jobson, detective superintendent, an owlish bespectacled man
    • {} as Kathryn Tyler, a journalist and ex-girlfriend of Eddie
    • Alfie Allen as Barry Gannon, another detective(?), skinny and single.
      • Allen stars in HBO's Game of Thrones as Theon Greyjoy, which has shown from this role that he can range from an arrogant and unsympathetic character, to a broken man - Gannon comes across as a similar character, and so I feel Allen would fit into this role well.
    • Owen Teale as Bill Molloy, detective chief superintendent, in his late 50s, a big and dangerous man.
      • Also from Game of Thrones, Teale has featured as Ser Alliser Thorne, master-of-arms at The Night's Watch, appearing as a cold and spiteful leader.  He gives a good air of authority about him and can also come across as quite threatening, so I feel he would be an effective detective chief superintendent.
    • Olivia Coleman as POLICEWOMAN, a kind and empathetic character.
      • Coleman's role in Broadchurch highlighted how well she can portray emotion very effectively, whilst maintaining the professional tone of a police officer.
    • Katherine Parkinson as Mrs. Kemplay, mother of Clare, who is missing
      • In Utopia, Parkinson plays a mother, she stood out to me for her emotive outbursts when her children were threatened, and so I feel as though she would suit playing the mother of a missing child, as this would require an emotional performance.
    • {} as Mr. Kemplay, father of Clare
  • Where? Location and sets
    • 'Dawson Construction Site / Devil's Ditch' - a dark, frozen construction site - This will need to be shot on-site, in order to provide an authentic backdrop to where Clare Kemplay's body is dumped.
    • M1 Motorway - In-vehicle shots of Eddie driving to the conference could utilise a green screen.
    • Police conference room - This would not need to be shot on-site, this could be built as a fairly simple set with rows of chairs and camera equipment to signify that this is a police press conference.
  • What? Production design, costume design, sound design, and editing
    • The story is set in 1974, and so things like costume, vehicles, other technology and sets will need to accommodate for this so as to maintain the level of immersion.
    • Police costumes in particular would be vital to highlight their presence in the story.

Wednesday, 7 December 2016

Contextual Studies | Utopia Review

I chose to look at Channel 4's Utopia, not only because it is one of my favourite shows, but also because it demostrates a variety of interesting and unconventional camerawork, editing and sound techniques that do not feature in most series'.



The overall aesthetic of Utopia is oddly vibrant and saturated, considering the dark themes present throughout, the lighting is relatively bright; rather than just using colours to establish tone in Utopia, they are used as motifs to reflect on the context of the characters.  Heavy use of the colour yellow, for example, is used to emphasise the presence of ‘The Network’, and we see this motif throughout – in Lee’s suit, Arby’s bag, and in a number of other objects and locations.  We do not tend to associate ‘yellow’ with evil malcontent, which contradicts traditional conventions of television and film, but this also brings forth the question of morality and the blurred lines between what is right and wrong in Utopia, and this leaves us wondering whether the intentions of ‘The Network’ are truly for the betterment of humanity.

We have elements of surrealism through Utopia, one moment that stands out in particular is Lee’s torture of Wilson.  The extreme low-angle close-up shot of his eyes and focus on his saliva feel incredibly unnerving, and the distortion of the shot alienates Wilson by portraying him in in such an unsettling manner.  The confusing angle distances us from Wilson’s pain, signifying a change in his character as a result of Lee’s torture.  This is an example of the postmodernist tones of Utopia, as shots such as this give us a view of Lee breaking Wilson, as Booker (2007) describes “the postmodern experience is one of a more radical “psychic fragmentation” that leaves individual subjects with too little stability and substance to be able to experience alienation in the classic, modernist sense”.  The torture scene introduces us into Wilson’s changing morality as he begins to lose his stability.

The clothing choices in Utopia reflect heavily on the characters’ personas and social backgrounds.  We can see Grant comes from less privileged background, and so his tracksuit reflects his class, whilst Letts, the apparent head of ‘The Network’ wears a black three-piece suit, which is a reflection on his status and morality – the black colouring of the suit conforms to the typical Western convention of black symbolising the antagonist.  This brings about another question, instead relating to “the 1%” taking control of the rest of society, as Letts is rich and in charge of ‘The Network’, whilst Grant is poor and fighting against them alongside Ian, Becky and Jessica Hyde.



Utopia’s soundtrack (composed by Cristobal Tapia de Veer) is incredibly unique and contributes a great deal toward the mood of the series, providing an unsettling and paranoid atmosphere.  The majority of the audio is diegetic, apart from the soundtrack of course, which is used to reflect the emotions of the characters on screen, and to highlight the progression of the plot.  The use of synth instruments and a chorus make the viewer feel unnerved, which compliments the themes of the show and alienates the audience, allowing us to empathise with the characters who are alienated by the situation they are forced into dealing with.

The directors of Utopia (Marc Munden, Wayne Che Yip, Alex Garcia Lopez and Sam Dononvan) make extensive use of wide shots, contrasted with close-ups and use of a dolly, as well as utilising some slow-motion shots where necessary.  This almost makes Utopia feel like a graphic novel, which parallels with the ‘Utopia’ manuscript that takes the form of a graphic novel: this is prevalent through the entirety of the series.  The edits are paced alongside the bespoke soundtrack; even the simple shot-reverse-shots are interesting – this shot of Dugdale, for example, places him to the right of the screen, giving the impression that something we cannot see is present on the left of the frame, hinting at ‘The Network’s’ surveillance of Dugdale, who unwillingly acts as their pawn in the Home Office.

Overall, Utopia combines elements of alienation, surrealism and postmodernism to create an unsettling and enthralling tone which is evident through the cinematography, editing and sound to allow the audience to empathise with the characters and create an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty.  The soundtrack is particularly effective in adding to the tone of the show, combined with complex and engaging writing and provocative use of the camera.


Bibliography

Utopia (2013) Available at: http://www.channel4.com/programmes/utopia (Accessed: 4th December 2016)


Cristobal Tapia de Veer, Utopia - Finale (2013), Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdS_VdblFtk (Accessed 4th December 2016)


Booker, K.M. (2007) Postmodern Hollywood: What’s new in film and why it makes us feel so strange. United States: Praeger Publishers

Monday, 5 December 2016

Directions | The Brief (5th December 2016)


Today we were introduced to our next unit - Directions - and briefed on what we would be doing for this project.  As the title suggests, this unit will focus more on the directing side of TV production than the previous unit.  We have been tasked with writing a director's statement which outlines our vision as a director - our directorial choices, the reasoning behind them, and how they compare and contrast to our chosen director - as well as a 6-7 minute based on a scene or scenes by our chosen director, shot and edited as we would choose to.

In order to fulfil these tasks, we each have to choose a director that we admire for their directorial work, so that we can explore their work and determine what separates their work from other directors.  We will then be able to draw inspiration from them and build on our own directorial techniques which will allow us to stand out through how we direct these scenes differently.  I had several ideas on which director I wanted to focus on for various reasons:

  • Marc Munden
    • Director of Utopia, National Treasure on Channel 4, as well as Quantico, Black Sails, and more.
    • Having watched Utopia and National Treasure, I was captivated by Munden's unique expressionist style through his use of extreme close-up and wide shots, combined with his expert use of sound design and colour palettes.

  • Wes Anderson
    • Director of The Grand Budapest Hotel, Moonrise Kingdom, and more.
    • Anderson's visual and narrative style is also incredibly unique, and he was behind one of my favourite films, The Grand Budapest Hotel, however I feel that because his style is so unique, his scripts may not translate well into my own style and so if I were to choose Wes Anderson, I may struggle to maintain interest without being too similar to his style.

  • Miguel Sapochnik
    • Director of Game of Thrones, House M.D., and more.
    • I knew that I would not focus on Sapochnik's work, as the scenes that stand out most for me are some of the huge scale battle scenes from Game of Thrones, which would be difficult to adapt in a practical sense.  Even so, I feel it is worth looking into the amount of story he is able to fit into a battle with little to no dialogue.



Whilst I admire these directors immensely, and I will no doubt look into their work in more detail at some point, I have decided to focus on the work of Frank Darabont, who is best known for directing The Shawshank Redemption, The Green Mile, and the pilot episode of The Walking Dead (and more).  To me, The Shawshank Redemption stands out as a film that perfectly utilises camerawork, sound and editing to tell a complex and emotive story that I can keep returning to and still enjoy it.  Therefore, I feel that Darabont will be an interesting director to look into, and I look forward to adapting his work using my own style.

Friday, 2 December 2016

Story-telling | SUBMISSION (Links)

10 Page Screenplay

2-Minute Video



Research and Development Journal

Story-telling | Project Evaluation

What worked?

I enjoyed the writing process and I feel I benefitted a great deal by writing the outline of the plot and notes on my characters before heading in to the actual script – this gave me a foundation to base my work on when I got stuck.

I took the script feedback from Simon and Steve Coombes on board and found their input very useful, allowing me to take a more objective look at my script to see what I could add, remove or tweak.

I am pleased with the final product as well, both in the script and the first two minutes of the film, as they both fit into my vision of the story I wanted to tell, and have both developed for the best from the start of the screenwriting process.

The shoot itself also went fairly well; I am pleased with how the actors carried out their roles, and how well it translated from the script to the screen.

Whilst the audio recorded on the actual shoot did not come through how I would have liked, I was able to amend this through rerecording the audio and dubbing over the video tracks – some have commented on the sound design, claiming that they would not have noticed I had done this unless I told them I had.

What didn’t work?

I feel the script initially was not paced as well as it could have been, but this did develop through advice from Steve Coombes on how I could distribute the scenes and add material to expand the story within the ten-page limit.

There were moments whilst editing the script that I found I could not change certain aspects, as I was not brave enough to divulge from the initial plan, and so the plot outline limited me in a way.

The shoot as a whole went smoothly, but there were a number of issues we came across.  I spent a lot of time perfecting some of the shots, which frustrated some of the talent causing the atmosphere at the shoot to deteriorate toward the end of the shoot.  This is down to the order in which I decided to shoot – I opted to film chronologically, but most of my actors come in toward the end of the sequence, and so I wasted time with the talent out in the cold, getting disgruntled, when I did not need to.

Whilst editing, it also became apparent that the audio had not recorded properly and there was a constant static throughout all the footage I had shot.  The cause of this was unclear – likely a faulty mic cable – yet this did highlight that I did not have a large enough crew; between acting and directing, Will and I shared operating the sound and camera equipment, rather than having an extra team member to be dedicated to operating the sound equipment, who would have been more likely to pick up on the audio issues as they happened.  Unfortunately, neither us noticed as we were preoccupied with operating the camera, boom, lighting, providing direction and acting.

The editing process also took much longer than it could have, largely down to the issues I had with the audio.  The only useable audio from the shoot had to be tweaked extensively in Adobe Audition to be used, which wasted a lot of time that could have been spent improving the visual quality of the video or perfecting the script, so I was under more pressure to complete other work with less time to spare.

What did I learn?

I learnt a lot about the screenwriting process, particularly how much scripts rely on action to be interesting as well as the dialogue.  I found in my script that I spent a lot more time writing action than dialogue, as I felt it would be much more effective to tell the story of an introverted boy meeting a homeless man through their actions more than what they explicitly say – ‘show don’t tell’ was in the back of my head through the entire production.

As well as this, I realised how beneficial it was to plan out everything from writing the script to shooting via the plot outline and shot list.
I discovered that I really enjoy directing, as I had the ability to control how my initial vision translated from my mind, to the script, and finally to the screen.

I also learnt that time management is a vital part of producing films in order to shoot in the most efficient manner so that both the crew and the talent can wrap up as soon as possible.

Although the circumstances to which I learnt this were not ideal, I gained a lot of practice in editing audio using Adobe Audition – I have previously used software such as Audacity, but Audition has shown me a lot about how sound can work in a film.

What could I develop?

Next time I write a screenplay, I would like to stray further from my comfort zone, rather than restricting myself to what I have already thought out and planned – this was not so much of an issue in this project, but in future, this may be beneficial to how I produce my stories.

I could certainly develop how I spend my time effectively, so that I do not waste time with filming GVs when I could be optimising my time with my acting talent, which would also allow me to develop my relationship with the acting talent, so I can make the most of them without being a complete drain on their energy and motivation.

I could also develop how I manage my resources and the people around me so I do not run into issues, as I did with my audio whilst shooting ‘The Way’.  I can do this by ensuring I have enough people dedicated to particular roles, so that there is somebody to check for anything going wrong at the time.

Story-telling | Production Notes: Editing

Once the shoot was complete, I was able to transfer the footage to my desktop for editing; I also backed up the footage to a hard drive and my laptop in case anything went wrong with the system, so our hard work would not go down the drain.  After organising the video files in Adobe Premiere, I was able to piece together a rough cut of my film.



The first thing I noticed was that there was a constant static noise in about half of my footage.  It remains unclear as to what the cause of this static was – likely a malfunctioning cable – but this highlighted the importance of having a dedicated sound engineer present, rather than having to juggle the roles between myself and Will, who was primarily behind the camera, whilst I was directing and acting as well.  This would have given us a better chance of noticing whether or not the audio was working correctly during filming.  This was a setback in the editing process, but not a complete disaster – I was able to isolate the static noise in some audio tracks, and remove it the unwanted sound.  Unfortunately, most of the audio was affected by this issue, including the ambient track we recorded.  Therefore, I have had to rerecord the vast majority of my audio, and dub it over what we had initially recorded, which was a very dull and laborious task, but it was the best chance I had without reshooting, which I simply did not have the time or resources for.  It was not an ideal fix, but it worked after many hours of fixing.

I also noticed that the footage was particularly dark, even with the lighting equipment I had available, which is what I was going for, however I have tweaked the gamma, brightness and contrast slightly to bring out the lighter and darker tones in the characters’ faces.  The film still feels quite dark, which works with the tone of the film, but it may have been better to increase the brightness of the LED boards – even though when we were shooting, it looked quite bright, the camera did not pick up as much light as I thought it would.  Even so, I feel the darkness is appropriate for the film.

I opted to rely on just dialogue and action to dictate the mood of my film, rather than using any music which would set the mood.  By only using diegetic sounds, it feels more like we, the audience, are experiencing the film first-hand, as there is no music to tell us how we should be feeling throughout the film.

Whilst the filming and editing process took considerably longer than I would have liked, the final product turned out fairly well.  I would have much preferred to be able to use the audio I recorded on the night, but my solution to this saved me, and I am glad it worked out well in the end.  I would have also liked to have been able to film a few extra shots, but I learned quickly that time management is something I need to improve for my next film project.




Thursday, 1 December 2016

Story-telling | Production Notes: Shooting

There were a number of things I needed to do in order to ensure everything went smoothly when it came to shooting, scouting for locations to film, which I would then need to consult the Kent Film Office as to whether I would be allowed to film there.  From the start of the script-writing process, I had a very clear image in my head of where I wanted to film: near where the initial incident that inspired me to write the opening scene took place, which is on a road near my secondary school.  I took some photos in the dark, which would allow me to visualise where I could place my actors and how I can set the scene for my film.  I noticed there was virtually no lighting on where I wanted to shoot, which meant I would need to use some extra lighting equipment when shooting, but must be careful not to use too much lighting otherwise it would not feel very realistic, which is something I saw as vital when writing the screenplay.  Luckily, the space I was filming was fairly open, with two pathways, meaning we could film on one pathway without blocking the way for any pedestrians (although that did not stop one man from walking his dog through our shoot).


After writing to the Kent Film Office, I had the go ahead to film on the location I wanted to.  I also asked for permission to film on another road, in case we had time to shoot any additional scenes (we actually ran out of time to shoot the scenes I had planned for, but it was good to have this just in case).  They advised that I inform local residents of the filming, so I wrote a short letter and delivered them to any houses that would be within viewing distance of the shoot, as well as the local school and rugby club.  Nobody voiced any concerns for the filming, and so I had no trouble with filming where and when we did.


Now I had to plan out exactly what I was going to shoot, in what order, and where the camera would be positioned.  The shot list was extremely useful on the day of shooting, as I could simply go down the list and see whether I had a particular shot, and gradually fill in the blanks.  However, as I learned later on, whilst his was a useful tool to have, I did not plan the shoot in the most efficient manner, and rather than shooting the most important and costly shots first, I shot the film chronologically, and so I effectively wasted time shooting the establishing shots, when the talent was standing in the cold – it would have been better if I filmed their parts first, and ended the shoot by filming shots that did not require them to be involved.  I also used a story board to map out some of the more complicated shots but only if I wanted them filmed in a particular way.



Before I could take out the equipment, I had to complete a risk assessment.  This involved going to the filming locations and through the script for potential risks that could occur during filming, as a precaution before I used any of the filming equipment.  This involved briefly describing what I wanted to shoot, where I wanted to shoot it, how the shoot will affect the area around me, listing any hazards, who might be harmed by these hazards, and what measures I would put into place to reduce the risks as much as possible.  This was by far the least interesting part of the entire project, but that did not mean it was not important.  As I would be shooting in a public place at night, there were several factors that could be potential hazards that could hypothetically put people at risk – the main hazards I found were the muddy ground, which could be slippery, the raised footpath, which people could trip over, and the poor visibility which meant it was more likely for people to walk into things they could not see, potentially causing damage.  This was relatively straightforward, however, so no problems occurred when writing the risk assessment – this served as good practice, as I will need to get into the habit of considering the risks and hazards that could arise when filming.



I now had to ensure I had a large enough, crew and enough actors to shoot everything I could.  Unfortunately, I could only get one other person from the course to be a part of my film crew, which meant I would have to juggle between operating the sound equipment, the camera and acting, as I played the homeless man, Derek.  Therefore, when I was not on screen, I was operating the boom, and for a few shots, I was holding the camera, but when I was on screen, the microphone had to be mounted on the camera, as nobody else at the shoot was insured to use it.  This did not hinder us too much though, although when it came to editing, it became clear that a boom operator would have been incredibly useful.  This taught me that it is very important to have enough people behind the camera, or else the quality of the footage and audio may suffer, and can disrupt the production as a whole.  I also cast my friend, Aidan as 'Nick', as I feel he fit into the role well, and my sisters and girlfriend as the group of youths, as they had a good chemistry, which I felt would translate well on screen.  My mother also fit into the role of Angela, which did not require a huge amount of acting, but she could pull off the middle-class mother vibe.

Myself dressed as 'Derek'
I acquired several props to help with the filming: a rag which Derek gives to Nick (which we did not end up using as the film had already ran over the 2 minute mark), Derek’s outfit, which consisted of my old coat, a beanie, scarf and some ragged gloves, Nick and Angela’s phones which I created a wallpaper for using photoshop which saved some time, and many empty wine bottles (which we all had a lot of fun emptying).  So that I could achieve a realistic homeless-look, I also applied some makeup to my face to create the illusion of dirt, as Derek has been on the streets for a long time.  Particularly as I was collecting the wine bottles, I realised that props can be quite expensive, but they are also vital to create the sense of realism I wanted in the film.  Therefore, I learned that budget for a film must be distributed wisely – luckily for this project, I already had the equipment available, and my cast consisted of my friends and family, and so I did not need to cover other costs to keep the production rolling.


I also learned that it is important to keep the actors in high spirits, or else the mood on set can become quite stale (although luckily, my cast consisted of my best friend, girlfriend, mother, sisters and myself, so they have hopefully forgiven me).  One factor that came into play here was the weather, as it quickly became very cold to shoot outside in the middle of November; by the time we had finished shooting, some of the actors had gone home, and some were sitting in my car with the heating on.

Another factor was failing to give a full brief of how the shoot was going to play out before we got to the location and began filming.  One of my actors (my sister), was not aware that we would be outside in the cold for over four hours, and that some shots would take multiple takes to get right, which led to some arguments, and meant I rushed to complete a particular shot and missed out on filming several other shots which I later learned would be vital to the film.  This made me realise that I need to prioritise which shots I should film first, so I wasted as little of my actors’ time as possible, and also that I should properly explain my shoot before heading into the deep end.  That being said, I did have a lot of fun directing my lead actor for the first few shots of the film, as I had full creative control and could see the script I had spent so long on coming to life before my eyes.

Story-telling | Development: Script

After considering my different ideas for a plot, I had decided to focus on the story of Nick, who is waiting to be picked up by his alcoholic mother, when a gang of youths attack him, forcing a homeless man to intervene, leading Nick to sympathise with his mother’s alcoholism.  I began the process of writing the script by laying out how I wanted the story to progress in an outline of the plot:

The story opens on a dark and quiet road, outside a school.  We see the road is seemingly empty, with cars occasionally driving past, with the exception of a teenage schoolboy, Nick, waiting for his mother to pick him up.  We cut closer to Nick, he seems very anxious and aware that he is alone as he is frequently checking his phone to see if his mother has got back to him.  We hear some voices in the distance, which worries Nick even more.  They are not friendly voices, but instead that of a group of youths, shouting, swearing, and being a general nuisance.
Nick decides to try to phone his mother again, no answer.  We cut to a brief shot of Nick’s mother at home, she is passed out with a bottle of wine, and we see that her phone has 12 missed calls, all from Nick.  Back on the street, Nick is frustrated – this is not the first time this has happened, his mother has let him down again, and he knows it’s her drinking to blame.  The voices get louder, and we catch a glimpse of the group in the distance.  Nick is now becoming very anxious.
He begins to walk the other way and turns a corner to an even darker alleyway, where he sees a mysterious and uninvited figure, slouched over the floor, mumbling to himself.  Nick pauses to consider his options: face the group head on, pass the man on the floor, or carry on down the road.
At this point, it is clear the group has noticed Nick, as they have started calling out to him.  Nick freezes and begins to hyperventilate.  He has not prepared for this; they clearly aren’t interested in a friendly chat.  Nervously, Nick looks back at the group, then back to the man on the floor, then down the road, but before he has a chance to decide on his route, a small object hurls through the air behind Nick, going straight for him.  It strikes him on the back of the head, it was a rock, and it hurt a lot.  Nick clasps the back of his head, in shock, and he falls to the ground.  The world is spinning for a moment, and some blurry figures come toward Nick.  They are asking if he is okay, and they seem to want to help, until a cold, wet, and muddy hand pushes into Nick’s face.  One of the youths rubs a pile of mud into Nick’s face, and the concerning questions, turn into laughter and taunts.  Nick looks up, helpless, and begins to cry.
At that moment, we see the figure in the alleyway look up to notice what is going on.  As the jibes continue, the man slowly gets up to inspect the situation.  The youths do not see him as he walks into focus.  The man calls out to the group, which startles them, and they question the man, threatening him.  He has none of it: he puts down his bottle, and reaches into his pocket revealing a knife.  The youths exchange some nervous looks, then hastily walk away.
Nick is left on the floor, tears in his eyes, and mud on his face.  The man comes over to him, and offers him a hand.  The man is wearing dirty fingerless gloves, a ragged old beanie, and a tattered old coat: life has been hard for him.  Nick looks up, and flinches as the man goes to help him up, and he is raised back to his feet.  Nick is taking deep breaths to recover from the panic attack, which the man notices and offers some words of comfort, and a cloth to wipe his face with, which the man lets Nick keep – he puts it in his pocket.  Nick seems calmer, and then looks at the man.
The man seems to have nothing, he is homeless, and he just saved Nick from being beaten up, so Nick feels he owes him something.  He goes to his wallet to give him some money, but as he does so, he notices a pile of empty bottles next to where the man was lying down which causes him to hesitate.  Nick hates alcohol because of the effect it has had on his mother since his father died.  Nick reluctantly asks him what he will spend it on, noticeably looking at the bottles as he says it.  The man realises that Nick doesn’t want him to spend the money on drink, and he gets angry with him, claiming that Nick is just like everyone else for not trusting him with money.  Nick feels anxious again and backs away before the man tells him to go away.  Nick begins to walk home, having offended the man.
On the way home, Nick puts his hand in his pocket and remembers the cloth the man gave him.  He takes it out his pocket, and a small photograph falls out with it.  It shows the man clean-shaven and healthy looking with a young woman, who appears to be his wife or girlfriend.  Nick looks at the photo for a moment, it must mean a lot to the man.  Nick ponders for a moment, and realises that the man has lost this woman from his life in some way or another.  Nick turns around and heads back toward the alleyway the man was sleeping in.
As Nick gets back to the alley, he hears the man crying faintly into a blanket.  Nick steps into the alley slowly, attracting the attention of the man, who looks up to Nick.  He quickly wipes the tears from his eyes and disdainfully asks why he has returned, so Nick pulls the photo from his pocket and hands it to him.  The anger in the man’s face fades to sorrow as he takes the photo back.  He smiles and thanks Nick.  Nick explains that he understands why the man drinks and offers him the money.  The man reluctantly takes it, and thanks Nick.  They nod at one another, and Nick leaves.
At Nick’s house, Nick quietly walks through the living room, so not to disturb his mother.  He pulls a blanket over her, and kisses her goodnight.  As he is about to fall asleep on his bed, he looks to a photograph of a man, his father, beside his bed, and says goodnight.
[Credits Scene] The next morning, in a shop, the man is standing by the drinks section and is contemplating buying a drink.  He stops and takes the photo from his pocket, looks at it, and pull a faint smile, before turning and walking away.
END

This was just for me to use as a guideline so I did not run into any dead ends whilst writing, and it helped a great deal, as I was able to highlight where the most interesting moments come out, and I could establish the pacing of the story.  I wrote the plot outline subjectively, so I could see what the characters were thinking and feeling, although this is something I could not do in my actual screenplay; I had to be entirely subjective.  I did slip up a few times when it came to the actual screenplay, however.


In my first draft, I was able to capture the foundation for my screenplay, but there was still a lot of room for improvement.  I received some good feedback from Steve Coombes which directed me in my improvements for the script:
  • He felt it was unclear whose story I was telling – was it Nick’s or Derek’s? And whichever it was, the main focus needed to be on them.
  • He also said that the initial set-up was too long, and needed to be broken up into more scenes so that there was a greater sense of tension built up.
  • Steve also suggested that Nick and Derek should come together again at the end to add to their understandings of their situations, and to explore the significance of what they have in common.
  • He felt that the first two thirds of the script should be structured like the final part of the script, so that the flow is constant, and not disjointed as it initially was.

He showed me some potential places where I could split up the script, as the first draft seemed mostly to consist of one long scene surrounded by several small scenes.  Therefore the main change I made in my shooting script was to cut up the main scenes into smaller chunks, so that the narrative flowed better and we did not spend too much time focused in one place, or else it would drag out scenes for longer than necessary.

I made most of these changes in the shooting script, which is what I used when filming the first two-minutes of the film:


I added scene numbers, as Steve also suggested, to allow for easier navigation through the script. I also describe Derek’s appearance earlier on, as his first appearance in my first draft introduced him as a ‘dark figure’, which was a little too mysterious for practical use – we would see what he looked like as soon as we see him, describing what he is wearing later on would not add anything to the detail in the script.

Steve also suggested it would be much more impactful if Derek smashed the bottle, rather than just held it out at the youths.  I had thought about this before, but was hesitant to do this, as it would be difficult to achieve in a practical sense, but I reconsidered and worked out how I could film this in a much safer way.

I cut out a small amount of action – Derek putting the bottle in his pocket and walking over to Nick – as it was not entirely necessary, and could make room for more interesting dialogue.

I also removed Nick’s dialogue where he asks Derek what he will spend the money on, as it could be expressed through action better than through dialogue.

These were not all the changes I had intended to make, but for shooting, this was sufficient to move along with.


I wrote the final iteration of the script taking into consideration what I had read in Christopher Riley’s book on screenwriting with regards to formatting directions and dialogue for character names and action etc, as well as things that had come up during the filming and editing process.
I opted to introduce Derek earlier, and in a slightly different way: rather than introducing him through Nick’ perspective, we see him asleep before the youths enter to give a visual parallel between Nick’s mother, Angela, and Derek.  This change came about when editing my film, where it became clear that introducing him later diminishes the sense of tension created as the youths attack Nick.  If we introduce Nick, then Angela, then Derek before the youths come into play, this lays out the story nicely, so we are now considering how each of these three characters will respond to the events that take place, rather than introducing them with the action.

I also played on an idea that Steve had about Nick and Derek coming together again at the end of the screenplay: Nick prints out the picture he has as his phone wallpaper when he gets home, and places it at his father’s grave the next day, and happens to come across Derek at his fiancé’s grave as well, and they both fully appreciate and understand their points of view.  It does seem a little too convenient for both Derek’s fiancé and Nick’s dad to be buried at the same cemetery and for them both to see each other the next day, but from a narrative perspective, it draws the two closer together, and gives a sense of closure.

I don’t feel this story is just about Nick, which I had intended for it to be initially, but as I looked more into Derek’s character, I feel that it is about both of them, and coming to terms with the loss of loved ones, and Nick coming to understand his mother’s alcohol abuse.  Derek is a microcosm of Nick’s mother: completely broken by the loss of the person they cherish most, but still capable of compassion and with a glimmer of hope that the old personality is still there.  Therefore the film is able to compare and contrast how and why Nick and Derek react to the situation; when Nick is attacked, Derek bravely steps in, but towards the end as they find common ground, we see that Derek and Nick are more similar than they initially realised, allowing both the audience and the characters to empathise with one another.


The overarching plot has not changed a great deal since the initial plot outline, but the manner of which I have paced and structured my screenplay has developed to make it more engaging and interesting for both the reader and the audience.

Story-telling | Project Research: Homelessness and Alcohol Abuse

I took a closer look at alcoholism and homelessness so that I could focus on some real-life scenarios to draw inspiration from.  This article from alcoholrehab.com expresses that homelessness and alcohol/substance abuse do not cause one or the other, but there is a trend in homelessness leading to addiction as a method of coping with their situation.  The article also highlights the bitterness toward the homeless by society – I wanted to challenge this taboo by allowing the audience to sympathise with Derek, but also make us aware that this taboo still exists through other characters’ interactions with him because he is a homeless alcoholic.  Relationship breakdown and personal tragedy are listed in the article as potential factors which may lead to homelessness, which relates to both Angela and Derek in my screenplay – Derek is further down the path of losing his lover than Angela is, and homelessness and alcoholism are the extremes he has fallen to as a result of this, whilst Angela is also an alcoholic for the same reason.  The article also emphasises that about 38% of homeless people in the US abuse alcohol, and suggests that people may turn to addictive substances, such as alcohol, to cope with being homeless, and in a similar vein, many may have ended up in this situation as a result of addiction.



Leading on from this, an article published by Crisis, the homelessness charity, claims that over a third of deaths of homeless people are a result drug and alcohol abuse.  Another article by the National Coalition for the Homeless claims that “two thirds of homeless people report that drugs and/or alcohol were a major reason for their becoming homeless”, suggesting the link between homelessness and alcoholism is a very prevalent issue.


Bibliography:

(2011) Homelessness and substance abuse. Available at: http://alcoholrehab.com/drug-addiction/homelessness-and-substance-abuse/ (Accessed: 15th October 2016).

NCH (2009) National coalition for the homeless substance abuse and homelessness. Available at: http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/addiction.pdf (Accessed: 15th October 2016).

Homelessness: A silent killer A research briefing on mortality amongst homeless people (2011) Available at: http://www.crisis.org.uk/data/files/publications/Homelessness%20-%20a%20silent%20killer.pdf (Accessed: 15th October 2016)

Story-telling | Project Research: Inspiration and Visual Reference Material

I got the idea for The Way, after remembering something that happened to me when I was at school, which inspired me for the opening scene.  I was waiting for my mum to pick me up from school late one night, after I stayed late to work on an art project, whilst my mum was in a meeting.  I came outside earlier than I normally would, but since it was in the winter, it was already very dark.  After waiting about 10 minutes, a group of teenagers were walking toward me, shouting, swearing and being generally antisocial, which I tried to ignore, but as they came toward me, they threw a rock at the back of my head.  They ran up to me, asking if I was okay, but shoved a handful of mud in my face before I could think of how to respond.  Luckily, a teacher was just leaving school, and witnessed the whole thing, and took me inside to clean myself up.  The story I present in The Way is exaggerated compared to what happened to me, and I also decided to separate that incident from myself and worked the story around that introduction.

Using that incident as the basis for my story, I chose to twist events and add depth to the characters involved.  I questioned the relationship between the lead character, and the mother who had not picked him up from school, and decided to introduce alcohol abuse to the story.  This is a prevalent and topical issue in recent years and I wanted to highlight that alcoholism is not something that can be easily controlled: it is an illness that needs to be treated, and not a choice.  Therefore, I opted to focus the entire story on the lead character’s realisation that his mother cannot control her alcoholism, and thus takes a more sympathetic viewpoint of the situation.

I want to use a similar shooting location, and I want to film at night so that I can create a similar dark and unnerving atmosphere.  I scouted a location near my old school in Gravesend, not too far where the original incident happened, at night so I could capture the environment I wanted.  I had initially planned to shoot near an alleyway, but logistically, I could not find an alleyway that was near a main road that was not in use, and so I settled with finding a location with a bench to work as Derek's sleeping area.





One thing I did notice about the location which I had not considered was the lighting.  As we can see, there is very little lighting from streetlights, which means when I shoot, I will need to use some lighting equipment in order for the camera to pick up any action.